A move gives up material relative to the fullest sequence of exchanges available on the square it touches. It either captures into a net loss or offers a piece for a profitable capture while giving check.
Cite this entryChessGrammar (2026). Sacrifice. In: ChessGrammar: A reference for chess concepts, Tactics grammar, edition v3.0. Entry cg:sacrifice@1. https://chessgrammar.com/motifs/tactics/sacrifice
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Start position
the definition and its boundary
Rxd5
White's rook captures the knight on d5. The only black piece covering that square, the pawn on c6, recaptures immediately. White has deliberately traded a rook for a knight, a net loss under the fullest exchange the square allows.
k7/8/2p5/3n4/8/8/8/K2R4 w - - 0 1Rxd5
The nearest counter-case depends on whether anything answers the move profitably. If nothing recaptures, or if every recapture nets the capturing side less than the piece it would win, the same move is a normal capture or a check. No material is given up, and this attribute does not apply.
The only piece able to recapture on d5, the black pawn on c6, is removed from the board. Everything else, including White's move, is unchanged. Rxd5 now wins the knight, and nothing is left to answer it. The move is a free capture, not a voluntary loss.
k7/8/8/3n4/8/8/8/K2R4 w - - 0 1the variants
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